English Grammar in Use 시제 임시
Present continuous (i'm doing)
A. Sarah is in her car. She is on her wayy to work. She's driving to work
this means : she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.
B. i am doing something
i started doing it and i haven't finished; i'm in the middle of doing it.
I’m reading a really good book at the moment. It’s about a man who …
Steve says ‘I’m reading …’ but he is not reading the book at the time of speaking.
C. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now)
D. We use the present continuous when we talk about a change that has started to happen.
We often use these verbs in this way:
getting, becoming changing, improving starting, beginning increasing, rising, falling, growing
요약
- 상황이 시작했고, 아직 끝나지 않았을 때 (상황의 중간일 때) 사용
- 말하는 순간에는 해당 행위를 하지 않고 있을 수 있음
- 일/주/년 단위의 지금과 가까운 기간과 함께 사용할 수 있음
- 상황이 변화하기 시작할 때 사용할 수 있음
Present simple (i do)
A. Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)
but He drives a bus. He is a bus driver.
drive(s), work(s), do(es) etc. is the present simple:
[I/we/you/they] [drive/work/do etc.]
[he/she/it] [drives/works/does etc.]
B. We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general
C. We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences
do [I/we/you/they] drive?
does [he/she/it] work?
[I/we/you/they] don’t drive.
[he/she/it] doesn't work.
In the following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn’t do etc.):
- ‘What do you do?’ ‘I work in a shop.’
- He’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help.
D. We use the present simple to say how often we do things
E. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example,
- when you promise to do something, you can say ‘I promise … ’; (not I’m promising)
- when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest … ’
요약
- 항상 반복되거나, 일반(일상)적으로 행해지는 상황에 사용
- 질문, 부정문을 만들 때 do/does와 함께 사용 가능하며, do는 메인 동사가 될 수도 있음
- 얼마나 자주 행위를 하는지 말할때 사용할 수 있음
- 의사 표현, 약속, 제안 등에 사용 (이 때, 현재진행형 등을 사용하지 않음)
Present continuous and present simple 1
A. Compare:
present continuous (I am doing)
- We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete.
- We use the continuous for temporary situations (things that continue for a short time)
present simple (I do)
- We use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly.
- We use the simple for permanent situations (things that continue for a long time)
B. I always do something = I do it every time.
I’m always doing something = I do it too often or more often than normal.
- Paul is never satisfied. He’s always complaining. (= he complains too much)
요약
present continuous
말하는 시점이나 그 무렵 일어나는 일, 완료되지 않은 작업, 일시적인 상황(짧은 시간동안 지속되는 것)
present simple
일반적인 일이나 반복적인 일, 반영구적인 상황(오래동안 지속되는 것)
또한, 일반적인 일에도 present continuous를 사용할 수 있다.
이 경우 일반적인 일보다도 자주 발생함을 의미한다. (with always, a lot, etc.)
Present continuous and present simple 2
A. We use continuous forms (I’m waiting, it’s raining etc.) for actions and happenings that have started but not finished. Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way.
We don’t say ‘I am knowing’, ‘they are liking’. We say ‘I know’, ‘they like’.
The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous:
like / want / need / prefer
know / realise / understand / recognise
believe / suppose / remember / mean
belong / fit / contain / consist / seem
B. think
When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous:
- I think Mary is Canadian, but I’m not sure. (not I’m thinking)
- What do you think of my idea? (= what is your opinion?)
When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible:
- I’m thinking about what happened. I often think about it.
- Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it)
C. see / hear/ smell / taste / look / feel
We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with see/hear/smell/taste:
- Do you see that man over there? (not are you seeing)
- The room smells. Let’s open a window.
- This soup doesn’t taste very good.
You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now:
- You look well today. or You’re looking well today.
- How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now?
but
- I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I’m usually feeling)
D. am / is / are being
You can say he’s being … , you’re being … etc. to say how somebody is behaving now:
- I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishly now)
- ‘The path is icy. Don’t slip.’ ‘Don’t worry. I’m being very careful.’
Compare:
- He never thinks about other people. He’s very selfish. (= he is selfish generally, not only now)
- I don’t like to take risks. I’m a very careful person.
We use am/is/are being to say how a person is behaving (= doing something they can control) now. It is not usually possible in other situations
- Sam is ill. (not is being ill)
- Are you tired? (not are you being tired)
요약
- 특정 예외 단어들에 관한 내용
- A는 현재진행형으로 사용되지 않는다.
- B, C는 쓰임에 따라 현재형/현재진행형/둘 다 사용할 수 있는 경우로 나뉜다.
- D는 현재 다른사람의 행동에 관해 말할 때 (대체하여) 사용할 수 있으며, 다른 경우엔 사용할 수 없다.
Past simple (i did)
B. Very often the past simple ends in -ed
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed.
write → wrote
see → saw
go → went
shut → shut
stop → stopped
study → studied
C. In questions and negative sentences we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.)
- ‘Did you go out?’ ‘No, I didn’t.
Sometimes do is the main verb in the sentence
- What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?)
- I didn’t do anything. (not I didn’t anything)
D. The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were
- I was annoyed because they were late.
- Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
요약
- 대부분 과거형은 -ed로 끝나나, 불규칙한 경우 또한 많음 (-ed에 국한되지 않는다.)
- "did/didn’t + 부정사"를 사용하여 질문/부정문을 구성할 수 있으며, do가 메인 동사가 될 수 있음
- be동사(am/is/are)의 과거형은 was/were이다.
Past continuous (I was doing)
A. Yesterday Karen and Joe played tennis. They started at 10 o’clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.
they were playing = they were in the middle of playing, they had not finished
B. I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing it at a certain time. The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished
C. Compare I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple)
I was doing (= in the middle of an action)
We were walking home when I met Dan. (in the middle of walking home)
I did (= complete action)
- We walked home aft er the party last night. (= all the way, completely)
D. You can say that something happened (past simple) in the middle of something else (past continuous):
- Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
- It was raining when I got up.
- I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
- I was walking along the road when I saw Dan. So I stopped, and we talked for a while.
E. Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in continuous forms (is + -ing, was + -ing etc.)
- We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not we were knowing)
- I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)
요약
- 과거에 시작했고, 과거 시점에서 "진행중"이였을 경우 사용 => past simple과 구분
- 현재 시점의 진행중이 아닌, "과거 시점"에서 진행 중이였을 경우 사용 => present continuous와 구분
- 과거의 정보에 관하므로, 현재도 진행 중인지, 완료되었는지는 모름(제공하지 않음)
- 과거 진행형 이후 발생한 일은 과거형으로 사용
- 몇몇의 동사들은 일반적인 과거 진행형 form을 사용하지 않음